Article review: Global Burden of Brucellosis in Animals and Human

Abstract

Brucellosis is one of the most neglected zoonotic diseases, which caused by different species belong to the genus of Brucella resulting in a significant threats to both animals and human, impacting agricultural economies and public health systems worldwide. In animals, the disease can cause severe reproductive losses (in particular abortion), decreasing in meat and milk productivity, and long-term health complications (arthritis, lameness, and mastitis) in addition to expensive treatment costs and trade-restriction schemes to prevent the transmission of infection to human as well as other animals. In human, brucellosis (also known Malta fever or undulant fever) can be transmitted due to direct contact with infected animals or their unpasteurized dairy products causing diverse and non-specific debilitating symptoms that making the diagnosis is challenging such as fever, chills, sweats, fatigue, headache, muscle and joint pain, and weight loss. In chronic phase, human brucellosis leads to arthritis, spondylitis, endocarditis, and neurological manifestations that require prolonged therapy. Despite advancements in control and prevention, several challenges remain due to the lack of safe and effective human vaccines, resource constraints, limited infrastructure, and inadequate surveillance systems. In conclusion, extensive knowledge and awareness are the cornerstones of prevention. Educating the public especially those at high risk of exposure about the routes of transmission and clinical manifestations of the disease is essential. Additionally, effective communication and collaboration among public health agencies, veterinary services, research institution and community stakeholders are paramount for successful prevention of brucellosis. Removing barriers to communication among human and veterinary medicine, agronomy, and ecological and environmental science encourages multidisciplinary strategies